A newborn white-headed langur, with its mother at the Chongzuo Ecology Park in China. The langurs, born yellow, are thriving.

By PHIL MCKENNA

CHONGZUO, China - Long ago, in the poverty-stricken hills of southern China, a village banished its children to the forest to feed on wild fruits and leaves. Years later, when food stores improved, the children’s parents returned to the woods to reclaim their young.
To their surprise, their offspring had adapted to forest life remarkably well; the children’s white headdresses had dissolved into fur, tails grew from their spines and they refused to come home.
At the Nongguan Nature Reserve in Chongzuo, Guangxi province, the real-life descendants of these mythical children - monkeys known as white-headed langurs - still swing through the forest canopy.
It is remarkable that the langurs and their tropical forest home have survived. In 1996, when the langurs were highly endangered, Pan Wenshi, China’s premier panda biologist, came to study them in Chongzuo at what was then an abandoned military base. This was at a time when hunters were taking the canaryyellow young langurs from their cliff-face strongholds, and villagers were leveling the forest for firewood.
Dr. Pan quickly hired wardens to protect the remaining animals but then went a step further, taking on the larger social and economic factors jeopardizing the species. Dr. Pan believed that alleviating the region’s continuing poverty was essential for their long-term survival.
In the 24-square-kilometer nature reserve where he has focused his studies, the langur population increased to more than 500 today from 96 in 1996.
“It’s a model of what can be done in hot-spot areas that have been devastated by development,” said Russell A. Mittermeier, the president of Conservation International. “Pan has combined all the elements - protection, research, ecotourism, good relations with the local community; he’s really turned the langur into a flagship for the region.”
According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s most recent Red List, nearly half of the world’s 634 primate species and subspecies are in danger of extinction. When Dr. Pan arrived in Guangxi, the langur’s population was in freefall, dropping from an estimated 2,000 individuals in the late 1980s to fewer than 500 a decade later. Historically, local farmers had occasionally killed langurs for food, but then teams of outside hunters began taking a serious toll on the population.
“In the 1990s, the Chinese economy started booming, and those with money all wanted to eat the wildlife to show how powerful they were,” said Dr. Pan, 71.
A breakthrough in protecting the species came in 1997 when he helped local villagers build a pipeline to secure clean drinking water. Shortly thereafter, a farmer from the village freed a trapped langur and brought it to Dr. Pan.
“When you help the villagers, they would like to help you back,” he said.
Dr. Pan raised money for a new school in another village, oversaw the construction of health clinics in two neighboring towns and organized physicals for women .
“Now, when outsiders try to trap langurs,” Dr. Pan said, “the locals stop them from coming in.”
But the villagers were still dependent on the reserve’s trees for fuel.
“If I told them they can’t cut down the trees, that wouldn’t be right,” Dr. Pan said. “They have to feed their families.
In 2000, he received a $12,500 environmental award from Ford Motor Company. He used the money to build biogas digesters - concrete-lined pits that capture methane gas from animal waste - to provide cooking fuel for roughly 1,000 people. Today, 95 percent of the population living just outside the reserve burn biogas in their homes.
As a result, the park’s number and diversity of trees - the langurs’ primary habitat and sole food source - has increased significantly.
In 2002, when Dr. Pan inaugurated the Chongzuo Eco-Park, he had a quote from the ancient Chinese philosopher Mencius carved into stone at the front gate. The phrase, “In an ideal society, everyone should work for the well being of others,” reminds those looking to protect the langurs that they must consider the area’s human community.
“This is the most important thing we can do,” Dr. Pan said. “If the villagers can’t feed themselves, the langurs don’t stand a chance.”